Risk Score for Prolonged Mechanical Ventilation in Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting

Abstract Background Prolonged mechanical ventilation (MV) after cardiac surgery imposes a significant burden on the patient in terms of morbidity and financial hospital costs. Objective To develop a risk score model to predict prolonged MV in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery. Methods This was a historical cohort study of 4165 adult patients undergoing CABG between January 1996 and December 2016. MV for periods ≥ 12 hours was considered prolonged. Logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between risk predictors and prolonged MV. The variables were scored according to the odds ratio. To build the risk score, the database was randomly divided into 2 parts: development data set (2/3) with 2746 patients and internal validation data set (1/3) with 1419 patients. The final score was validated in the total database and the model's accuracy was tested by performance statistics. Significance was established at p < 0.05. Results Prolonged MV was observed in 783 (18.8%) patients. Predictors of risk were age ≥ 65 years, urgent/emergency surgery, body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2, chronic kidney disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cardiopulmonary bypass time ≥ 120 minutes. The area under the ROC curve was 0.66 (95% CI, 0.64-0.68; p<0.001), the Hosmer-Lemeshow chi-square test was χ2: 3.38 (p=0.642), and Pearson's correlation was r = 0.99 (p<0.001), indicating the model's satisfactory ability to predict the occurrence of prolonged MV. Conclusion Selected variables allowed the construction of a simplified risk score for daily practice, which may classify the patients as having low, moderate, high, and very high risk. (Int J Cardiovasc Sci. 2020; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0

Efficacy and Safety of Drug-Eluting Stents in the Real World: 8-Year Follow-Up / Eficácia e Segurança de Stents Eluidores de Drogas no Mundo Real: Acompanhamento de 8 Anos

Background: Drug-eluting stents have been used in daily practice since 2002, with the clear advantages of reducing the risk of target vessel revascularization and an impressive reduction in restenosis rate by 50%-70%. However, the occurrence of a late thrombosis can compromise long-term results, particularly if the risks of this event were sustained. In this context, a registry of clinical cases gains special value. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of drug-eluting stents in the real world. Methods: We report on the clinical findings and 8-year follow-up parameters of all patients that underwent percutaneous coronary intervention with a drug-eluting stent from January 2002 to April 2007. Drug-eluting stents were used in accordance with the clinical and interventional cardiologist decision and availability of the stent. Results: A total of 611 patients were included, and clinical follow-up of up to 8 years was obtained for 96.2% of the patients. Total mortality was 8.7% and nonfatal infarctions occurred in 4.3% of the cases. Target vessel revascularization occurred in 12.4% of the cases, and target lesion revascularization occurred in 8% of the cases. The rate of stent thrombosis was 2.1%. There were no new episodes of stent thrombosis after the fifth year of follow-up. Comparative subanalysis showed no outcome differences between the different types of stents used, including Cypher®, Taxus®, and Endeavor®. Conclusion: These findings indicate that drug-eluting stents remain safe and effective at very long-term follow-up. Patients in the "real world" may benefit from drug-eluting stenting with excellent, long-term results. .

Fundamento: Stents eluidores de drogas têm sido utilizados na prática médica desde 2002, e apresentam grande eficácia na redução do risco de revascularização do vaso-alvo, e notável redução da taxa de reestenose de 50%-70%. No entanto, a ocorrência de trombose tardia pode comprometer os resultados a longo prazo, especialmente se o risco de trombose for mantido ao longo dos anos. Neste contexto, o registro da prática clínica assume grande importância. Objetivo: Avaliar a eficácia e segurança de stents eluidores de drogas no mundo real. Métodos: Relatamos os resultados de todos os pacientes que foram submetidos à intervenção coronária percutânea com stent eluidor de drogas no período entre janeiro de 2002 a abril de 2007, e que foram acompanhados por 8 anos. Os stents eluidores de drogas foram utilizados de acordo com as recomendações clínicas do cardiologista intervencionista e a disponibilidade do stent. Resultados: Um total de 611 pacientes foram avaliados, com acompanhamento clínico de 96,2% destes pacientes por até 8 anos. A mortalidade total foi de 8,7%. Infarto não-fatal ocorreu em 4,3% dos casos. A taxa de revascularização do vaso-alvo foi de 12,4% e a da lesão-alvo foi de 8,0%. A taxa de trombose de stent foi de 2,1%. Não houve novos episódios de trombose de stent após o quinto ano de acompanhamento. Uma subanálise comparativa indicou não haver diferenças nos desfechos clínicos apos a utilização dos stents Cypher, Taxus e Endeavor. Conclusão: Estes resultados indicam que stents eluidores de drogas são seguros e eficazes em acompanhamentos de longo prazo, e que pacientes no mundo real podem beneficiar destes stents, com excelentes resultados a longo prazo. .

Crise hipertensiva / Hypertensive crisis

A crise hipertensiva é uma condição prevalente no contexto das emergências médicas. Esta condição clínica necessita ser adequadamente caracterizada e, de maneira criteriosa, orientada a melhor opção terapêutica. Um espectro de apresentações pode ser identificado e a diferenciação entre uma urgência e uma emergência hipertensiva é crucial, uma vez que o manejo terapêutico varia de acordo com a manifestação clínica e danos em órgãos-alvo. Este capítulo objetiva uma revisão objetiva sobre crises hipertensivas, enfatizando as complicações hipertensivas agudas, a abordagem diagnóstica e o manejo terapêutico.

The hypertensive crisis is a prevalent condition in the emergency room context. It requires prompt recognition and aggressive but careful management. A spectrum of presentations exists and it is very important to differentiate an emergency from urgency, since the therapeutic management varies accordingly. This chapter aims an objective review of the hypertensive crisis, focusing on the acute complications, diagnosis and therapeutic management.

Anticorpos contra LDL-ox e síndrome coronariana aguda / Antibodies against OxLDL and acute coronary syndrome

FUNDAMENTO: A oxidação da lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDL-ox) induz à formação de epítopos imunogênicos na molécula. A presença de autoanticorpos contra a LDL-ox tem sido demonstrada no soro de pacientes com doença arterial coronariana (DAC). Contudo, o papel desses autoanticorpos na fisiopatologia das síndromes coronarianas agudas (SCA) e o seu significado clínico permanecem indefinidos. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a associação entre autoanticorpos contra a LDL-ox e SCA. MÉTODOS: Os títulos de imunoglobulina G autoanticorpos contra a LDL-ox por cobre (antiLDL-ox) e contra o peptídeo sintético D derivado da apolipoproteína B (antipeptD) foram determinados por ensaio imunoenzimático (ELISA) em 90 pacientes, nas primeiras 12h de SCA (casos) e em 90 pacientes com DAC crônica (controles). RESULTADOS: Os resultados mostraram que os títulos de antiLDL-ox foram significativamente mais elevados (p = 0,017) nos casos (0,40 ± 0,22), do que nos controles (0,33 ± 0,23). Por outro lado, os títulos de antipeptD foram significativamente menores (p < 0,01) nos casos (0,28 ± 0,23) do que nos controles (0,45 ± 0,30). A diferença dos títulos de ambos anticorpos entre os dois grupos estudados foi independente de idade, sexo, hipertensão arterial, diabete melito, dislipidemia, índice de massa corporal, tabagismo, perfil lipídico, uso de estatinas e história familiar de DAC. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados mostraram que os títulos de antiLDL-ox foram significativamente mais elevados nos pacientes com síndrome coronariana aguda quando comparados aos pacientes com doença arterial coronariana e podem estar associados à instabilidade da placa aterosclerótica.

BACKGROUND: The oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) induces the formation of immunogenic epitopes in molecules. The presence of autoantibodies against oxLDL has been demonstrated in the serum of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). However, the role of these autoantibodies in the pathophysiology of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and their clinical significance remain undefined. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between antibodies against oxLDL and ACS. METHODS: Titers of IgG autoantibodies against oxLDL by copper (anti-oxLDL) and anti-D synthetic peptide derived from apolipoprotein B (antipeptD) were determined by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 90 patients, in the first 12 hours of ACS (cases) and in 90 patients with chronic CAD (controls). RESULTS: The results showed that the titers of anti-oxLDL were significantly higher (p = 0.017) in cases (0.40 ± 0.22) than in controls (0.33 ± 0.23). On the other hand, the titers of antipeptD were significantly lower (p < 0.01) in cases (0.28 ± 0.23) than in controls (0.45 ± 0.30). The difference in the titers of both antibodies between the two groups was independent of age, sex, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, body mass index, smoking, lipid profile, statin use and family history of CAD. CONCLUSION: The results showed that the titers of anti-oxLDL were significantly higher in patients with acute coronary syndrome as compared to patients with coronary artery disease and may be associated with atherosclerotic plaque instability.

Impacto do diabetes melito na eficácia e na segurança dos stents farmacológicos: registro com até cinco anos de seguimento / Impact of diabetes mellitus in the efficacy and safety of drug-eluting stents: a five-year follow-up registry

INTRODUÇÃO: Diabéticos possuem risco aumentado para ocorrência de eventos cardiovasculares. Estudos revelam que os stents farmacológicos reduzem a reestenose e a revascularização da lesão-alvo em pacientes diabéticos e não-diabéticos. Entretanto, poucos estudos avaliam a segurança e a eficácia dos stents farmacológicos em diabéticos no longo prazo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os desfechos clínicos tardios nessa população de alto risco. MÉTODO: No período de maio de 2002 a abril de 2007, todos os pacientes submetidos a intervenção coronária com stents farmacológicos em dois hospitais foram incluídos no estudo e acompanhados por até cinco anos. RESULTADOS: No total, 611 pacientes com média de idade de 63,5 ± 11,2 anos foram incluídos neste registro. Os diabéticos (n = 204, 33,4%) apresentaram menor proporção de pacientes do sexo masculino, maior prevalência de hipertensão arterial e insuficiência renal crônica, e menor diâmetro de referência do vaso em comparação aos não-diabéticos. Durante o seguimento, os diabéticos mostraram maior probabilidade de eventos cardíacos adversos combinados (19,7% vs. 13,4%; P = 0,04), em decorrência de óbito (7,4% vs. 2,3%; P = 0,003), infarto agudo do miocárdio (5,9% vs. 3,1%; P = 0,10) e trombose do stent definitiva/provável (3,9% vs. 1,3%; P = 0,04). A revascularização do vaso-alvo e a revascularização da lesão-alvo, entretanto, não diferiram entre os grupos (10,9% vs. 9,8%; P = 0,68 e 3,4% vs. 5,1%; P = 0,35, respectivamente). A presença de diabetes melito foi preditora independente de óbito [odds ratio (OR) 2,42; intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC 95%) 1,02-5,78; P = 0,05], mas não de trombose de stent (OR 2,41; IC 95% 0,76-7,61; P = 0,13), em nossos pacientes. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados deste estudo demonstraram que, em pacientes submetidos a implante de stents farmacológicos, a presença de diabetes esteve associada a maiores taxas de mortalidade, infarto agudo do miocárdio e trombose do stent, comparativamente aos não-diabéticos. A presença de taxas similares de revascularização da lesão-alvo em diabéticos e não-diabéticos é promissora e sugere a eficácia da revascularização percutânea com implante de stents farmacológicos nessa população.

BACKGROUND: Diabetic patients are at high risk of recurrent coronary events. Drug eluting stents (DES) reduce restenosis and target lesion revascularization in both diabetic and non-diabetic patients. However, there are limited data on the long-term safety and efficacy of DES in diabetic patients. The objective of this study was to evaluate the long-term clinical outcome in this high risk population. METHOD: From May 2002 to April 2007, all patients undergoing coronary intervention with DES in two hospitals were included in the study and were followed-up for up to 5 years. RESULTS: A total of 611 patients with mean age of 63.5 ± 11.2 years were included in the registry. Diabetic patients (n = 204, 33.4%) included a smaller proportion of males, greater prevalence of hypertension, chronic renal failure, and smaller coronary reference diameter when compared to non-diabetic patients. During the follow-up, diabetics had a higher probability of combined adverse cardiac events (19.7% vs. 13.4%; P = 0.04), as a result of death (7.4% vs. 2.3%; P = 0.003), acute myocardial infarction (5.9% vs. 3.1%; P = 0.10) and definitive/probable stent thrombosis (3.9% vs. 1.3%; P = 0.04). Target vessel and target lesion revascularization, however, were not different between the groups (10.9% vs. 9.8%; P = 0.68 and 3.4% vs. 5.1%; P= 0.35, respectively). The presence of diabetes mellitus was an independent predictor of death [odds ratio (OR) 2.41; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.02-5.78; P = 0.05) but not of stent thrombosis (OR 2.41; 95% CI 0.76-7.61; P = 0.13) in our patients. CONCLUSIONS: The outcomes of this study show that in patients undergoing DES implantation, the presence of diabetes was associated to higher mortality rates, acute myocardial infarction and stent thrombosis when compared to non-diabetics. The finding of similar target lesion revascularization rates in diabetic and non-diabetic patients is promising and suggests the efficacy of percutaneous revascularization with DES implantation in this population.